Enteroviruses (肠道病毒): Classification, Transmission, and Prevention of a Diverse Group of Viral Infections

Enteroviruses are a group of viruses that belong to the Picornaviridae family. They are small, single-stranded RNA viruses that can cause a wide range of illnesses in humans and animals. There are over 100 different types of enteroviruses, which can be further classified into several subgroups, such as:

1. Polioviruses: These viruses are responsible for causing poliomyelitis (polio), a highly infectious disease that primarily affects young children and can lead to paralysis or even death in severe cases. The introduction of polio vaccines has significantly reduced the incidence of polio worldwide, and it is now eradicated in most countries.

2. Coxsackieviruses (Group A and B): These viruses can cause a variety of illnesses, including hand, foot, and mouth disease (HFMD), herpangina, myocarditis, and meningitis.

3. Echoviruses: These viruses can cause mild to severe illnesses, such as respiratory infections, gastrointestinal illnesses, and meningitis.

4. Enteroviruses 68-71: These include the Enterovirus D68 (EV-D68), which can cause severe respiratory illness, particularly in children with asthma or other pre-existing respiratory conditions.

Enteroviruses are primarily spread through the fecal-oral route, contact with contaminated surfaces, and respiratory droplets from an infected person. They can cause a wide range of symptoms, from mild to severe, and may sometimes lead to more serious complications.

Prevention measures for enterovirus infections include practicing good personal hygiene, such as washing hands regularly, disinfecting surfaces, and avoiding close contact with infected individuals. There is no specific antiviral treatment for enterovirus infections, and management typically focuses on relieving symptoms and providing supportive care. In some cases, hospitalization may be necessary for severe infections or complications.

肠道病毒是属于Picornaviridae科的一组病毒。它们是小型的、单链RNA病毒，可在人类和动物中引起各种疾病。肠道病毒有100多种不同类型，可以进一步分类为几个亚组，如：

1. 脊髓灰质炎病毒：这些病毒会导致小儿麻痹症（脊髓灰质炎），这是一种主要影响儿童的高度传染性疾病，严重情况下可导致瘫痪甚至死亡。脊髓灰质炎疫苗的推广已显著降低了全球脊髓灰质炎的发病率，现在在大多数国家已经消除。

2. 库萨奇病毒（A组和B组）：这些病毒可引起多种疾病，包括手足口病（HFMD）、口腔疱疹、心肌炎和脑膜炎。

3. 回声病毒：这些病毒可引起从轻度到严重的各种疾病，如呼吸道感染、胃肠道疾病和脑膜炎。

4. 肠道病毒68-71：包括肠道病毒D68（EV-D68），可导致严重的呼吸道疾病，尤其是在已有哮喘或其他呼吸道疾病的儿童中。

肠道病毒主要通过粪-口途径、接触污染表面和感染者的呼吸道飞沫传播。它们可引起各种症状，从轻度到严重，并可能导致更严重的并发症。

预防肠道病毒感染的措施包括保持良好的个人卫生，如勤洗手、消毒表面和避免与感染者密切接触。目前没有针对肠道病毒感染的特异性抗病毒治疗，治疗通常集中在缓解症状和提供支持性护理。在某些情况下，严重感染或并发症可能需要住院治疗。

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